

FFF‑MALS enables simultaneous quantification of key attributes in mRNA lipid nanoparticles, including intact LNP size distribution, particle concentration, lipid and mRNA content, and size‑dependent mRNA payload distribution. Analysis of two COVID‑19 mRNA‑LNP vaccines revealed notable differences in the relative abundance of particle populations and how mRNA molecules were distributed across them, demonstrating the power of FFF‑MALS for assessing formulation quality, consistency, and stability.

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